Interpersonal Relationships: Development And Deterioration Essay

There is an adage that says, ‘No man is an island’. Every man or woman if I am permitted is sustained by some form of some form of interaction with people. Man was made for it, so to live without it is like taking a fish out of its natural habitat. What do you expect from such a fish? It will surely die. You ever wonder what the world would look like without somebody to lean on, talk to, and share your feelings with. One could explode carrying all that ‘burden’ on one’s mind. Even from the religious perspective, the Bible has it that God made man for himself, so he could talk relate to someone. You wonder if God needed relationship, why we would not need it more. All social intercourse between human beings is a response of personality to personality, grading upwards from the most casual brush from people to people to the fullest, and most intimate of which the human soul is capable. An interpersonal relationship is simply a person to person association between two or more people. This could be a love relationship (marriage), family, work, and people living in your neighbourhood etc. In this kind of relationship, there is some level of interpersonal knowledge where both parties have certain knowledge of the other person(s) involved. In all of these relationships, on thing is evident, there is a bond or a tie formed between them. In other words, interpersonal relationships are about meeting the needs of one another. Not limiting this interpersonal relationship idea to man alone, even animals and plants. In Biology, we were taught Symbiosis as a form of relationship existing between algae and Fungi. Even the plants need each other to live. We see that every form of life is sustained by some form of relationship(s). These relationships also have their effects on us, either positively or negatively. Take a sample study on people who engage in interpersonal relationship, you will notice a rubbing off that occurs in both parties. You see that each one picks some attitudes of the other and exhibits them unconsciously. And you wonder, how did that happen? Every interpersonal relationship operates by certain principles which we overlook. People just don’t become intimate or close all of a sudden. It begins with a law called ATTRACTION. Since relationships are choices we make individually and not forcibly, we naturally relate with people we are physically attracted to. Spending QUALITY TIME with the other party involved. Taking a marriage relationship for example, one major reason for the break ups that we see in marriages is the lack of spending quality time with the other party. This leaves the other party very lonely, and this could open the door for infidelity and a lot more. Since we said earlier that relationships is about meeting needs, then NOT BEING SELFISH also helps develop interpersonal relationships. The key to a good interpersonal relationship is simple once you understand the role that needs play in making a relationship weak, moderate, average, or strong. Relationships are strong when there is a ‘give and take’ rule in operation ‘Relationship deterioration refers to the weakening of the bonds that hold people together. This happens when both parties are currently unhappy with the state of things. Among the causes of the deterioration include: financial problems, sex-related problems, work –related problems, third-party relationships and many more’. For the fact that one has problems in interpersonal relationships does not make you the first person with issues, neither does it make you a failure. What we need to do is to put the matter on the table, settle issues and make things work between us. This is the key to every long standing relationship till now and will always be. References: Goldman, B (2008), â€Å"Improving Interpersonal relationships. † Pearson, A (2008), ‘Interpersonal Relationships: Growth and Deterioration -The Interpersonal Communication Book. Tanner, D. (1990) Women and men in conversation. New York: Ballantine Books. Doyle, T (2000). Types of Interpersonal Relationships

Listo System Essay

Introduction Listo system is a recognize graphic service company which deals with all the graphic related programming having a long successful history. Due to the persistence effort of management, the company got a tremendous achievement in a very short period of time and in early 1990’s the organization become one of the top graphic service companies in the globe. Different factors have encountered the company in different ways. The technological advancement, change in consumers need and demand, competitors are the major components affecting the listo system. The impact of power shifting from the Seller to the Buyer As Listo system has been growing tremendiously in the graphic designing world but the company was not able to cope with the market growth appropriately. The above case shows that company was not able to utilize the Latest technological invention in the best effective way so they are not able to produce the goods and services according to the customer needs and demand. By viewing the lacking in the market, different competitors emerges and occupy the vacuum created by the listo system. Latest technology also helped the competitors for the production of the quality product which met the consumers taste and preferences. This create a extreme competition in providing the quality of goods and product in a reasonable price between the competitors. Today’s customers are so much aware about the quality and price of the product. So, the availability of the substitute product leads to increase in bargening power of the customer and to consume those goods and product which are of high quality with a reasonable price. Employees are the most valuable assets of any company. But the listo Company was not able to satisfy their employees in different aspect. Employees satisfaction and motivation leads to the profit maximization of every business firm. Different training, incentives, rewards, and encourgemnt need to be given for every employees so that they will give every possible outcome to the organization. Listo fails to serve these things but focuses only on the profit and market optimization. Lacking the proper researches relating to the customer’s choice and preferences in the graphic designing field by the company leads company to lose its market share. Similary, a company lacks visionary leadership who can easily trace out all the future possible  problem in advance and prepare the necessity strateg y to strengthne the market leadership. Thus, a company compel to shift their power to the customer. External Factors Affecting Listo System There are various External factors that affect the listo system. They are explained below: Technological advancement The latest invention of different technology helped the listo system very much in different sectors. With the latest technology, they are capable of producing the services in very short period of time using the available resources in the best effective way according to the need of the customer choice. Quality of products can also gradually increases with minimum inputs that will decrease the price of the product can be a market leader. Customers Expectation Customers are the one of the most important factor that affect the listo system. Different factors need to be considered by the listo system inorder to get the customer attraction. Different customers have different choice and preferences to satisfy their need the listo system has to produce such a product that meet the all their expectations. Competitors We cannot control any activities of our compititors but we can build different strategies to cope with the action taken by our competitors. Many competitors have emerged in the graphic designing sector which is creating great competition in the market. This leads the company to provide the best quality products and services to its customers in reasonable price than other. 1. Listo Systems: The Challenge of a Growing Organization Defining the Context Listo Systems, one of the world’s top graphic service companies, was established in the 1990s when technological advancements were increasing and creating a more competitive market. After going through a period of great success and growth, the company decided to hire a number of new employees and adding new layers of managers and supervisors. Defining the Key Issues or Problems The main issue is that Listo Systems has been growing too quickly, and the company has not been able to cope with this growth appropriately. Due to this situation, causal variables such as lack of proper training for new employees, management becoming less concerned with workers’ opinions and more concentrated on production and profit have eroded. As a consequence, there has been a lack of clearness regarding the company’s objectives and goals, and as a result of this there have been intervening variables such as decreasing employee motivation and productivity which provoked personnel turnover rate to increase and amount of sick days taken doubled. Applying Concepts Organizational Level 1: Key Players (Stakeholders) and Business Ideas (Purpose) In this level, â€Å"(†¦) implementing business ideas in the internal and external environment is affected by the stakeholders, key players, or factors whose helping or hindering roles determine success or failure to the organization.† This level involves establishing, refining and monitoring the vision of the company so it can synchronize stakeholders and key players with the business ideas and purpose of the organization.

Impact of Strike in an Organization Essay

The impact of strike to an organization Article by Rajalakshmi Rahul on June 11, 2012 Discuss now (0) Go to comments An organizational strike not only destroys the power of labor at its source while still professing theoretical support for the right to strike, but also causes many other losses. Labor on the other hand in demanding freedom to use the organizational strike is seeking an instrument fundamental to its rising power. The right to strike restricted in any way is the right shorn of some of its power (International Confederation for Free Trade Unions, 1989). The economic losses of the employer cause by a strike are incapable of precise calculation. The loss of profits is only one item in the total losses that an employer may suffer. The employer’s business may be crippled because of the loss of the market connection beyond the period of strike; goodwill may be lost; and the idle machines may get spoilt. Additional expenditure may have to be incurred on protecting the plant and on strike breaking activities (Howell, 2005). Publicity and propaganda are yet other items adding to its costs. Besides the loss of mental peace, respect and status in the community cannot be calculated in terms of money. The adverse affects of a strike on the workers are the loss of wages, and fringe benefits contracting of debts, personal hardships and loss of employment. It is difficult to assess the wage and production losses on account of a strike. Any calculation of wage losses from pay roll gives only a partial picture. In addition the strike may leave the union weakened and divided to the satisfaction of the employer Thus, strikes involve both economic and non economic costs for the employer and if at the extreme of strike he has to concede the demands of the striker’s additional burdens are imposed. However certain other elements which mitigate the losses also form a part of the economic calculation of the cost of a strike. References †¢Howell C (2005), Trade Unions and the State, Princeton University Press, New Jersey. †¢International Confederation for Free Trade Unions (1989), Employment and structural change in Indian industries, Cengage Learning, USA.

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8

Case Study - Essay Example In this session we would be reviewing the leadership skills displayed by Navy commander D. Michael Abrashoff, in order to define and learn different theories of leadership. This review would be well backed by the statement of impact of these theories on the work force relating them to the leadership model of Navy commander D. Michael Abrashoff who captioned the three hundred highly skilled sailors of USS Benfold. This case study was selected, as the leadership skills which are being reviewed would fit into the improvisation methodology of any management scenario. The trait theory suggests that there are some identifiable qualities or characteristics that should be possessed by the leaders and the degree of efficacy of a leader would be directly proportional to the extent of these qualities or characteristics held by them. Some of the qualities which fall under the trait theory are as following A leader should be able to understand the context and content of his designation and assigned responsibilities. The dynamics of internal and external environmental variables which would affect the activities of the enterprise should be grasped well by the leader. It also implies to the technical competence and sound general education of the leader. The leadership quality of intelligence was reflected a number of times in the leadership model set by D. Michael Abrashoff while captioning the three hundred highly skilled sailors of USS Benfold, the U.S. Navys warship. His technical competence was proved as he had an excellent service record, combat experience, and had held prestigious posts in Washington, DC. Moreover his technical expertise had provided Benfold the reputation of being the best ship in the Pacific fleet. He could analyze the smartness and talent of his crew within no time and he viewed the internal and external environmental variables through the eyes of the crew. It was his ability to grasp the work situation realities,

The Theorist Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Theorist - Research Paper Example Her only goal as a college student is to be able to have a secretarial job, thus, he enrolled in the London School of Economics (LSE) with a major in sociology and social anthropology. This is where she met his husband William Smith with whom she had two children but the relationship ended up in divorce during the time she was finishing her doctoral degree in the University of California, Berkeley. She returned to England for a few years but when she got a faculty position in the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada in 1969 where she settled with her children (Dillon 316; Scott 202). In 1977, she transferred to the Ontario Institute of Studies in Education (Scott 202). It is during Smith’s faculty years in the universities in Canada that she made her important contributions in sociology specifically through her research and critical writing works. During the 1970s, she started publishing her works that exhibited her critical skills and perspectives. Through her works she had been recognized as a feminist, a theorist and an activist (Campbell 3). Contributions of Dorothy Smith Dorothy Smith contributed greatly to the contemporary feminist view in the society. This had been exhibited in her books and researches. Dawning of Smith’s Feminist Views The view of Smith in sociology had been initially expressed during her early works specifically the critical essays. These works explored the field of sociology through her logical and clear arguments. It had been noted though that she had difficulties in explaining the situations of women in the society. This led to her interest in researching and finding answers to the questions regarding the role of women. By exploring the said field, Smith became known as a feminist who contributed greatly to the feminist sociological views. Included in early papers that became the onset of Smith’s contribution to sociology are â€Å"Women, the Family and Corporate Capitalism,† â€Å"The Soc ial Construction of Documentary Reality,† â€Å"Women’s Perspective as a Radial Critique of Sociology, Feminism and Methodology,† â€Å"The Ideological Practice of Sociology† and â€Å"K Is Mentally Ill: The Anatomy of a Factual Account.† In addition to her own published works, she collaborated with other authors who were also inspired by the concept of feminism. Included in her works were â€Å"Women and Psychiatry,† â€Å"The Statistics on Mental Illness: What They Will Not Tell Us about Women and Why† and â€Å"A Feminist Therapy Session† (Scott 202). Ideology on Relations of Ruling Smith had a strong perspective regarding the society ruled with men. Her ideology regarding the double victimization of women in the society had been considered both radical and unprecedented. She expressed that not only women are excluded in leading the government but also they are eliminated from the social structure. In the 1980s, the increasin g influence of Smith had been observed in the sociological discipline through the popularity of her works. â€Å"The Everyday World as Problematic: A Feminist Sociology† which was published in 1987 criticized the structure of the society that is ruled by men and presented through the perspective of the male population. It is in the said book where she presented one of the concepts she was known for which is referred to as the ‘relations of ruling.’ It was defined as the ‘

Ancient Chamorros on the Island of Guam Term Paper

Ancient Chamorros on the Island of Guam - Term Paper Example Accordingly, the Chamorro resistance became increasingly strong with relation to the Spanish colonizers. Many Chamorro leaders, most notably Agualin, was able to effectively organize resistance due in no small part to his ability to orate and present rousing speeches to his supporters (Cunningham 12). The following is an interpretation for a similar such speech to rally Chamorro resistance to the Spanish colonizers on the island. â€Å"For too long we have sat idly by as our way of life, our religion, our women, our territory, and our culture have been under constant assault from this foreign occupier. As was the custom of our people, we originally welcomed this occupier with the open arms of friendship (Flood 8). As was the custom of our people, we were not quick to anger when the occupier insulted our women, insulted, our culture, took our lands, and worked to subvert our culture. However, in this, we have been wrong. I will be the first among you to tell you that I believe our cu lture is superior to that of the occupier; however, these overly friendly and welcoming aspects of our culture have only worked to subvert us. Rather than using our own best judgment as to where we should draw the line of humility and friendship, we have allowed ourselves to be overwhelmed by the occupier and his repression that is forced upon us at seemingly every turn. There are not enough words my people to tell you of all the harmful things that the occupier has done to our way of life. However, I want to draw your attention to some of the most important. The first of these harmful things is the way in which the occupier has pushed his religion upon us. For generations we have respected the teachings of our elders and sought to live by the rules that our religion has laid out for us. However, rather than choosing to leave us alone or even to proselytize to us regarding their beliefs, the occupier has forced many of us to convert to their own gods. Worse still, our children are b eing taken from the arms of their own parents and placed into schools that force them to adopt the beliefs of the occupier – all the while forgetting the beliefs that their ancestors have held for so many years. Of all of the things that the occupier has done to us, of all the ways they have wronged us, the ideological theft of our own flesh and blood is the worst (DeFronzo 17). These young children are our only hope for continued survival into the future. The occupier knows this that is why they are actively working to convert them to their own twisted and warped way of thinking. Their goal is to drive us into extinction. By taking our children, they are taking our culture; by taking our culture, they are ensuring that we will never pose a threat to their conquest ever again. In keeping with the willful disregard that the conqueror has placed on our culture, he is actively disrespecting the sanctify of family and the decision of elder tribe members as he randomly selects fro m our own women those which he will make his wife and/or concubine. What has become of us! What will become of us? Will we stand for this? Will we let the occupier continue to defile our very own women? My people, this must end – we must make it end or we must die in the process. If the theft of our children and our women mean nothing to you, then consider our culture. If the theft of our culture means nothing to you – then consider the theft of our land. Every day the occupier

Housing and Urban Regeneration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Housing and Urban Regeneration - Essay Example Housing reforms were also constant in the market as there was little dissemination of information to the public as Isobel Anderson ( 2010, p9) insinuates. In this paper, the main focus is on housing inequality in relation to the black minority ethnic group and other related groups which Harrison Malcom( 2003, 128) largely explains. This has been largely contributed by factors such as socio-economic and institution groups that are in control in the market platform. Currently market dynamics have emerged providing diverse range of housing that has increased the consumption levels. In contrast there were few choices in the previous past which limited the people from accessing housing. Huang and Clark (2002, p322) state that some housing units in countries such as China were set aside as welfare benefit especially on basis of non-monetary factors such as job rank, job seniority, marital status and household size. However, this situation is changing as privatization is taking ground in th e market corridors. Public housing was previously meant for institution groups such as the political status and those working in government agencies. Individuals working in these sectors had an advantage over the migrants and farmers. They were allocated public houses that were subsidized. It did not matter if they received low incomes. On the other hand the governmental heads and the political elite accessed considerably large housing with the best facilities. This pattern is however changing as market forces are gradually gaining ground. Even though this scenario is taking effect the black minority ethnic groups and asylum seekers cannot still afford better housing (Finney & Peach, 2004, p302). Public housing was privatized through selling at subsidized prices. Privatization also led to new private housing where real estate developers were constructing a wide range of housing to create diverse preferences. Households living in public houses had an advantage over the migrants and f armers as they were able to purchase public houses sold off. They were able to obtain home ownership while the minority such as single women with children could only afford rental housing ( Harrison, 2004, p128). Those working in government and organization agencies earned low income and had retired; they were able to purchase good and large housing. This was made possible by the housing policy reforms that were in place. On the contrary the minority could only enjoy poor housing as they were excluded from accessing these benefits. Therefore they were still constrained to small and poor housing. The political status had considerably great advantages as they used their position to gain control by purchasing public housing and investing heavily in construction of rental housing. The educated and those who had occupations had access to good housing and better standards of living individuals. Housing inequality increased continually due to income inequality. Individuals at top levels su ch as managers and heads of governments enjoyed the top cream. They had huge incomes as compared to those at low levels. This gave them great access to a wide range of varied housing. They had an upper-hand as they could invest in rental housing and developing of real estates. Therefore, they continued to get richer as those at lower levels were subject to rental housing. This was

Description of My House Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Description of My House - Essay Example As soon as my friend pressed the grapes which were ripe in nature, the grapes crushed and the juice from the grapes started flowing into her hands and from her hands, the juice started spilling on her wrist until she removed her hands and shook them hard to drop off the juices from the grapes. The ripe grapes are quite thick in juice and have a taste which combines both sweetness and a slightly sour savor.In Japan, the color â€Å"purple† is connected to wealth and a person with a lot of money. These were the remarks made by my friends when they saw the purple grapes that simply looked so rich that the backyard seemed like it was one of a very rich individual. The purple grapes made us feel as fresh and pure as if we had just woken up from our sleep. The smell of the purple grapes was similar to the smell of the jam bottle that I open every day simply to spread on my bread and eat it. The purple color even made us feel as if we were at a party where purple lights moved around the dance floor making the crowd go crazy and dance all night. Simply the sight of purple made us remember our school days when we used to fight for the purple color crayons because every single little kid in the class wanted to grab color purple and start using it. This extended our talk about our school days and the fun we used to have as kids. The mix of the purple and the red grapes took our memories to the recent wedding event that we all attended together at a friend’s place.   The purple color even made us feel as if we were at a party where purple lights moved around the dance floor making the crowd go crazy and dance all night. Simply the sight of purple made us remember our school days when we used to fight for the purple color crayons because every single little kid in the class wanted to grab color purple and start using it. This extended our talk about our school days and the fun we used to have as kids. The mix of the purple and the red grapes took our memories to the recent wedding event that we all attended together at a friend’s place. My friends started with a mix of white and purple colored curtains that were used to decorate the entire arena. The whitewash of my backyard along with the purple color grapes gave us the feeling as if we were at one of the tables of the wedding we attended (Fruit and Vegetables 6).

Why do language users sometimes use figures of speech Essay

Why do language users sometimes use figures of speech - Essay Example In such cases, figures of speech help avoiding problems or conflicts of various forms. However, the use of figures of speech is not always justified – or desired. Under such terms, their engagement needs to be clearly and adequately explained. In the field of psychology, the science that deals with the evaluation of human behaviour, a series of theoretical models and approaches has been developed in regard to the use of figures of speech in daily human activities. These theories are presented in current paper aiming to explain the reasons for which language users prefer the figures of speech. The psychological and conversation analytic research frameworks are used for developing the above task. It is concluded that the use of speech is often unavoidable; however, the circumstances of their use need to be evaluated each time taking into consideration the actual social conditions but also the personal characteristics and perceptions of the language user. The potential use of fig ures of speech with no particular goal, just as a common practice (habit) should be also taken into consideration when examining their role in conversations developed daily across various human activities. In any case, the use of figures of speech cannot be considered as having the power to cause turbulences or oppositions; on the contrary, it is more likely to have a positive influence in regard to the limitation of social conflicts. This aspect of figures of speech is strongly emphasized in the literature published in the particular field – as these studies are analytically presented below. The findings of empirical research developed in this area have been also employed in this study aiming to offer a clearer view on the issues under discussion. 2. Metaphors – role and forms Theorists and researchers have used different approaches in order to explain the role and the functions of metaphors in everyday language. In order to understand and appropriately evaluate these views, it would be necessary to refer primarily to the context of metaphor in general, i.e. to describe its characteristics as a figure of speech. Lakoff and Johnson note that ‘the essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another’ (Lakoff and Johnson 5). The flexibility of metaphors, i.e. their characteristic to be open to different interpretations has been considered as one of the main reasons for their extensive study by theorists and researchers worldwide (Lakoff and Johnson 1980, 103). On the other hand, the following question might appear: why metaphors are so important for the academic research? In fact, there are many different figures of speech, which could be available for analysis, but only metaphors have been examined in detailed making also use of concepts applicable on other sciences – such as the cognitive discourse analysis used for the development of academic research. The answer to the above question wo uld be as follows: a metaphor is not a common figure of speech; it can be used ‘both in poetry and the everyday communication’ (Bowdle and Gentner 193); moreover, it can reveal the personal views/ perceptions of the person involved in its interpretation, a fact which is valuable in the psychological research field. In accordance with Kock (2010) metaphors are likely to highly appear in everyday language; moreover, their appearance is related to the need for using ‘a common point of reference’ (Kock 364) in order to indicate the key aspects of a issue to which the

Organic Food - Facts Essay Example for Free

Organic Food Facts Essay The word Organic means living, and in practical terms, this means natural food that is grown and processed without chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides or fungicides. Nothing unnatural is allowed so there are no growth hormones, antibiotics, preservatives, dyes, chemical coatings or irradiation allowed. There is no genetic engineering allowed in organic foods. Organic food is nothing else but good pure nutritional food the way it used to be. Toxic overload The food we eat affects our health. Most conventionally produced food comes from production systems that rely on a cocktail of up to 350 different chemicals. The World Health Organization has classified many of these substances as hazardous to our health. In studies, the short and long term effects on our health from these toxic chemicals ranges from short term conditions such as ADS (Attention Deficit Syndrome), allergies, digestion and reproductive disorders to long term illnesses such as cancers and degenerative diseases like Alzheimer. Our organic food however is different because by definition it is pure, wholesome and nutritious. There are absolutely no toxins or otherwise artificial or synthetic chemicals, coatings or treatments that in any way affect quality of organic food. In harmony with Nature Organic and bio-dynamic farmers work with nature, promoting the diversity and sustainability of the environment and building upon a healthy eco-system. Organic agriculture preserves the overall quality of our lakes, rivers, estuaries, wetlands, ground and drinking water. Organic farming relies on renewable resources, using 70% less and producing much less pollution than conventional farming. Preserving the soil is a key factor. They practice methods such as intercropping where crops are mixed, rather than grown in large fields, minimizing the impact of agriculture on the environment. Humane treatment to animals Our organic livestock is raised in an ethical and humane manner, which puts emphasis on the health and treatment of the animals. Fresh air and space to move around and access to the outdoors ensure a healthy and stress-free animal. They are fed only organically grown feed and are reared without the unnecessary use of anti-biotics, growth promoters or hormones. Organic animals are never fed unnatural food such as animal scraps which is the practice that lead to the livestock neural disease BSE and its related kreuzfeld Jacobs disease in humans. Bio-diversity Organic farmers plant many more species of fruit and have brought back many heirloom varieties from the brink of extinction. These old varieties are often tastier and juicier but not suited to large scale industrial farming. In Britain,organic farmers grow 100 different varieties of potatoes alone! This bio-diversity gives us the joy and experience of eating new and different fruits and vegetables. GM-free Genetic engineering is not permitted in organic food and an organic farmer loses his organic certification if his crop is not 100io gm-free. Genetically engineered agricultural products have an unknown impact on the safety and health of the consumer and environment. Organic Foods and Cafe does not sell genetically modified food. For further information please read our GM leaflet. The benefits of going Organic Trusting our food. Organic labeling tells you all the ingredients there are no hidden ingredients that there can legally be in conventional foods as in conventional foods, the ingredients of each individual ingredient do not have to be listed. You know you can trust organic food because of the organic certification which has strictly enforced criteria look for the organic symbol. Optimum Health In terms of health, prevention is better than cure. It is essential not to overload our bodies with toxins, which damage our immune systems. Organic farmers avoid using unnecessary and harmful chemicals, additives and drugs. Many of these substances have been classified by the W. H. O. as poisonous to your health and the environment. In addition, organic food retains essential nutrients, such as iron and salicylic acid, which are stripped away in conventional food processing. Value for money You get what you pay for this is very valid for organic food. Organic food really has more nutrients, vitamins and minerals, including vitamin C, iron, magnesium and phosphorous than conventionally produced food. This is because in organic farming, great emphasis is on nourishing the soil which in turn gives healthy plants. Healthy plants give produce that is packed full of all the vitamins and minerals which give flavour and goodness to our food. The time allowed for the crops to grow by not using chemical fertilizers is the final key elements making it possible for organic crops to have much higher nutrition levels. Authentic Taste Organic produce and meats retain a pure, fresh flavour the way nature intended. In studies, organic produce was proven to have more intense flavour molecules, a direct result of a healthy, dynamic soil. In organic food, flavour is not contaminated or masked by residues, preservatives or waxes. Nor is it enhanced to many times the flavour that is actually present which is common practice to achieve a full flavour where very little is actually there in conventional food. Protecting our future generations We all want the best for our children, and we have selected organic food that provides them with the goodness and nutrition that their growing bodies need to develop optimal mental, emotional and physical performance. It is imperative that they are protected from the detrimental effects of health-damaging toxins found in conventional foods. Today’s children have unacceptably high levels of asthma, eczemas and syndromes such as Attention Deficit Syndrome. Many of these can be linked to unhealthy additives in children’s foods and by eating organic foods we can prevent and alleviate these problems. Supporting Small Farms Organic farms are usually small, family run operations that take seriously the health of the environment and their stewardship of the land they work. They use techniques which limit agricultures impact on the soil, on streams and ground water, bird and wild life and on human health. We have picked selected family run organic certified farms where quality and freshness can be assured. Why does Organic food cost more? The truth is that we have become too used to paying very little for our food and what we put in our mouths has become nothing more than a business commodity. In order to produce high quality organic food, every step of production is more labour-intensive, time-consuming and frankly, not as profitable. Organic food takes longer to grow, as there are no growth hormones and chemical fertilizers used. Due to a lack of fumigants and wax coatings, organic food is often more perishable, there more is lost in transit between the farmer and the consumer. Most farms are small family run operations that do not benefit from government subsidies. The truth is that we are getting what we are paying for: a good quality product that is nutritious, delicious and safe for us to eat and not the cheapest product that is possible to produce. Organic Produce 1. Organic produce has an average of 50% more vitamins, minerals, enzymes and other micro-nutrients than their intensively farmed counterparts. 2. Organic produce is not covered in a cocktail of poisonous chemicals. The average conventionally grown apple has 20 30 artificial chemicals on its skin even after washing. 3. Organic produce is usually picked when it is ripe, unlike conventional food, which to allow for extra processing and commercial ease, is picked unripe and before it is fully developed. What is the Difference? Conventional Vs Natural / Organic Food (As per USDA rules) No| Ingredient / Processing| Conventional Food| Natural / Organic Food| 1| Artificial Flavours| May be used| No|. 2| Artificial Colours| May be used| No| 3| Artificial Preservatives| May be used| No| 4| Artificial Fertilizers| May be used| May be used| 5| Synthetic Pesticides| May be used| May be used| 6| Irradiation| May be used| May be used| 7| Genetically Engineered | May be used| May be used| What are genetically Engineered/ Modified Food? Genetically-modified food is produced from plants and animals which have had their genes changed in the laboratory by scientists. All living organisms have genes written in their DNA. They are the chemical instructions for life and all the organisms functions. By modifying the genes, the scientists can change the characteristics of an organism. Most often, these modifications to our food are for economic reasons. To create GM crops, genes from bacteria, viruses, plants, animals and even humans have been inserted into plants such as soybeans, corn, canola and cotton. For example scientists wanted to increase the frost tolerance of strawberries so they inserted the anti-freeze gene of a cold water fish into the DNA of the strawberry, in effect producing fishberries, a life form that would never occur in nature. Why is it Different from Traditional Crossbreeding? For thousands of years farmers have engaged in what termed as traditional breeding, favoring seeds from plants with favorable characteristics and creating new plant types from cross-breeding closely-related species. Genetic engineering is more specific. It gives scientists the ability to select a single gene for a single characteristic and transfer that stretch of DNA from one organism to another. For example, a tomato variety was developed by Calgene to switch off the gene which triggers it to produce a chemical that makes the fruit go soft and then rot. What are the Dangers? Genetic engineering is experimenting with very delicate, yet powerful forces of nature without full knowledge of the repercussions. Yet, once it is introduced into the food system there is no way of getting it out of it as insects, birds, and wind can carry genetically altered seeds into neighboring fields and beyond. All crops are vulnerable to contamination from cross-pollination from transgenic plants. Health Concerns Manufacturers of genetically altered foods are exposing humanity to one of the largest uncontrolled experiments in history. We are all guinea pigs in this genetic experiment with our food. Some possible risks: No long term safety testing Genetic engineering uses material from organisms that have never been part of the human food supply to change the nature of the food we eat. Without long term testing and controlled scientific research no one knows if these foods are safe. We really do not know the long term and latent affect these. foods will have on our health. Allergic Reactions By inserting foreign DNA into common foods, without adequate safety testing, genetic engineering can also produce unforeseen and unknown allergens in food. Given that genes can be introduced from unrelated species the possibilities of allergies are greater than with traditionally bred crops. Toxins Familiar foods could become metabolically dangerous or even toxic. Genetic engineering could upset complex biochemical networks and create new bioactive compounds or change the concentrations of those normally present. These unexpected mutations can create new or higher levels of toxins making them poisonous to human health. Antibiotic Resistance Another potential hazard to human health is the possibility that bacteria in our guts could pick up antibiotic resistant genes found in GM foods. These genes are inserted into GM plants as markers to tell scientists which plants have taken up the exotic genes. If this transfer happens it could exacerbate the already worrisome spread of superbug bacteria that have proven to withstand our antibiotics. Decreased Nutritional Value Genetically altered foods may mislead consumers with counterfeit freshness. A luscious looking, bright red GM tomato could be several weeks old and of little nutritional value even though it looks as though it was picked off the vine hours before. Environmental Risks We are opening a Pandoras box with GM technology. Raising GM crops is an uncontrolled experiment with unknown consequences for surrounding eco-systems. Biological Pollution Unlike chemicals that are released into the environment, genetically engineered organisms are living things that will reproduce and spread uncontrollably and at will, with little possibility of containment or clean up. These are not natural organisms, but have been made in a lab and will destroy or at best upset the fragile ecological balance Super Weeds GM crops can cross-pollinate with related weeds, resulting in super weeds that are impossible to control. These weeds are immune to a broad spectrum weed killer after crossing with and assuming the herbicide- resistant gene from the GM plant. This will not only increase the use of topical herbicides but will stimulate demand for stronger, more toxic herbicides. Super Bugs Insects could become resistant to the pesticides engineered into GM crops. This would mean developing new, stronger, more toxic chemical pesticides to fight these pesticide tolerant super bugs. Toxicity to Wildlife Insects and birds will be the first in the animal food chain to be affected by GM crops. They will be exposed to a range of genetically engineered chemicals, drugs, enzymes and hundreds of other foreign substances for the first time, and there is no telling how they will be affected in the short or long term. These substances will then be passed up through the food chain to affect all the wild life in a given eco-system. Humans in turn will get affected, but as so often, by the time we realize what has happened, it may be too late. DDT was hailed as the solution to all pests and it was not till years later that we realized that it was cancer causing and destroying a lot more than just the bugs we were targeting. Loss of Biodiversity In the world of genetic engineering we would not need hundreds of different varieties of a crop because all the properties and features can be in a single plant. For example you would not need one species of corn for hot climates and another for cold or one that is drought resistant and another to withstand flooding. All of these unique features can be in a single plant. In the end many species would become extinct. It may only be years after they are extinct that we realize that we have destroyed some features we may still need. Ethical Questions Fiddling with the genetic make-up of plants and animals is unnatural. Nature takes millions of years to effect genetic change, so do we have the right to make changes overnight and substitute human for natural selection? Do we have the right to play God, to restructure irreversibly the genetic blueprints of the Earths plants and animals? Are we playing Creator? Fixing Perfection Are we trying to fix something which isnt broken? Are we trying to change the course of nature for a good enough purpose? Manipulating the very building blocks of life in order to extend shelf life, is that a good reason? Religious Concerns Genetic engineering offends deeply held beliefs of a number of different faiths. A Hindu vegetarian may not wish to eat a vegetable bearing an animal gene and likewise, a Muslim may not think it right to eat a tomatoe carrying the gene of a pig. Genetic manipulation hits at the very core of our belief systems and deprives us of the comfort and the assurance that the food we eat complies with our dietary obligations. Are these beliefs going to be secondary to the potential profits of large ago-business?

Predicting Thermal-Hydraulic Behaviour of Nuclear Reactors

Predicting Thermal-Hydraulic Behaviour of Nuclear Reactors In the last decades, several codes have been developed to predict the thermal-hydraulic behaviour of nuclear reactors like ATHLET, CATHARE, RELAP, RETRAN. However, these codes were developed to power reactors perform. To extend the application for the analyses of research reactor some modifications or addition of some procedures have been done. This section presents some considerations for using of RELAP/SCDAP and MELCOR for accident analysis of KHRR reactor. 1.1. RELAP/SCDAP 1.1.1. Thermal Hydraulic RELAP5 computer program can be applied to a wide range of reactor designs and transient/accident conditions. Except for certain reactivity-initiated events, the code is applicable to LOCAs; loss of flow accidents (LOFAs); loss of heat removal events and anticipated transients without scram (ATWS). Modelling of a subcooled boiling flow is important because an accurate knowledge of the void fraction distribution in reactor cores is required to properly perform various safety analyses. Most available boiling models were developed for and tested at the high-pressure conditions of a power reactor. Many reactor safety analysis codes such as RELAP5, which use such models, cannot satisfactorily predict void fraction distributions in low pressure subcooled boiling flows. This has limited the use of the RELAP5 code for low-pressure research reactor applications. It seems that the case of fast reactivity transient will be affected due to the importance of the models for the precise description of the complex phenomenon of subcooled boiling and two phase flow taking place during the transient. With respect to the reliability of the RELAP5 code for the analysis of research reactor transients additional investigations related to the above topics are needed. 1.1.2. Core Melt Progression Although developed for light water reactors (LWR), the code is a flexible tool for computerized simulation as its approach allows to models as much as needed of a particular thermal-hydraulic system, with use both for anticipated transients of nuclear power plants or of research reactors, and also for small scale test facilities. It is generally known that design peculiarities of HWR type reactors, especially the moderator separated from the coolant do not allow a straightforward application of the advanced core degradation models existing in computer codes such as SCDAP/RELAP5, MELCOR, ICARE/CATHARE or ATHLET. But the analysis of design basis accidents and the modelling of experiments in specially designed facilities can be successfully performed. Moreover, the early phase of the accident, including heatup due to voiding and oxidation, as well as, to a certain extent, other particular phenomena associated with the loss of geometrical integrity in course of a LOCA type accident coincident with ECCS, can be successfully modeled. Several code extensions (for Atucha specific features) were added in RELAP/SCDAPsim3.6. These modifications included: modeling of coolant channel to coolant channel radiation heat transfer, oxidation of the outer wall of the coolant channels, molten pool behavior and relocation of a core with separated coolant channels, and heat transfer in a lower head that includes a filling body (massive steel structure occupy most of the hemispherical volume and causing relocated debris to have a wide and thin-in-height shape). As an extra argument in favor of the utilization of the code for KHRR, the existence of the heavy water library in the release packages of RELAP/SCDAPSIM versions can be mentioned. 1.2. MELCOR 1.2.1. Material Properties Thermophysical properties for some solid materials should be added to the Material Properties (MP) package database. They are melting point, latent heat of fusion, density, specific heat, thermal conductivity and enthalpy for Zr-1.5%Nb, type 304 stainless steel. Values for these material properties can be obtained from an open literature or, because of lack of data for the alloys at high temperatures, can be estimated by Nause and Leonard. In addition to properties of solid materials, the MP package in MELCOR contains tabulated values for thermal conductivity and Viscosity of light water (H2O) and steam. Because of the presence of heavy water (D2O) in the KHRR reactor, an assessment was made concerning the differences between these properties and those appropriate for D2O. Nause and Leonard concluded that the differences between heavy and light water thermal conductivity, heavy and light steam viscosity, and heavy and light steam thermal conductivity are negligible for the purpose and intended applications of MELCOR. For these properties, MELCOR will use the light water data in the MELCOR database to model heavy and light water in the KHRR reactor system . The only thermophysical property of D2O observed to differ from that of H2O by more than ten percent is viscosity. Viscosity of D2O is observed to differ from that of H2O by as such as 30 percent over fluid, the temperature range of interest for the KHRR reactor. It is not known if differences in this single property are large enough to result in considerably different predictions of KHRR reactor coolant system hydrodynamic behavior. Sensitivity analyses will be performed in the future to examine this remaining uncertainty The MP package in MELCOR includes tabulated values for the viscosity of hydrogen gas and the Noncondensible Gas (NCG) Equation of State package contains values for hydrogen heat capacity. Again, because of the possible coexistence of hydrogen and deuterium gas in the KHRR reactor systems, a comparison of the viscosity and heat capacity between the two gases was made. The difference between hydrogen and deuterium gas viscosity and heat capacity is concluded to be sufficiently large to warrant adding D2 to the noncondensible gas flow field in MELCOR (D2 gas viscosity is approximately 40 percent greater than H2, and H2 heat capacity is approximately 50 percent greater than D2.). As a result, both properties have been included in their appropriate MELCOR database locations The H2O package in MELCOR represents the equation of state for light water. Because heavy water is the primary coolant and moderator in the KHRR reactor system, a comparison of the thermodynamic properties of light and heavy water and steam was made. It was found that the saturation pressure versus temperature data for light and heavy water differ by less than six percent. The difference in enthalpy between light and heavy water for the saturated and subcooled liquid states is below five percent at all temperatures and pressures of concern. The differences between light and heavy steam enthalpy are below eight percent over all temperatures and pressures of concern. These differences in properties between light and heavy water and steam are tolerable for the purpose and intended applications of MELCOR. Any change in properties related to the equation of state for light water in MELCOR would require that the changes be made in a manner that preserves the Maxwell relations. Therefore, s imple adjustments to the current H2O properties are not practical. Either the properties contained in the H2O package must be replaced, or the current properties must be used. It has been concluded that using light water transport properties to represent the coolant, moderator Emergency Cooling System (ECS), and confinement spray fluids in the KHRR reactor system is a reasonable and pragmatic approximation to those for the true mixed H2O/D2O system . 1.2.2. Core Melt Progression Unique features of KHRR do not allow a straightforward application of MELCOR for analysis of core melt progression in KHRR reactor, same as RELAP/SCDAP. Coolant channels in KHRR reactor are located inside the moderator tank in a hexagonal pitch, so it is expected that the behavior of the core during meltdown will be somewhat different from that of regular LWRs. As the coolant channels are not in close contact with each other, molten material from different channels most likely will not agglomerate to form a crust strong enough to support an in-core molten pool. So the most expected behavior is that molten material is directly relocate to the bottom of the core.

Judith Lorbers The Social Construction of Gender Essay -- Socializati

Judith Lorber is able to convey many of her ideals about our contemporary conceptions of gender in her essay, ?The Social Construction of Gender.? Not only does she clearly express her opinions on the roles of physiological differences of the male and female bodies, but she also elaborates on the roles of the mass media and professional sports among other things. It rapidly becomes clear that there are many legitimate arguments that support this movement for near or complete equality in genders and the roles that they perform. Clearly, society has been created around two separate classes or genders: men and women. Lorber argues that much of what we consider to be gender has no place in the natural order of the things. She is able to begin her argument by citing that gender has often been a literal creation of man in many cases such as those of hermaphrodites. Should a baby be born with characteristics that do not fully represent the male or the female gender, a doctor will judge the baby based on the size and shape of its gentiles, and then transform him/her into one or the other. Though there are more advanced techniques employed in this process today, this does illustrate the arbitrary meanings of gender. Lorber holds many of the same views as the average feminist and more. She agrees with the view that genders are nothing more than a ?cultural overlay? and is oppressive to females. Though she does not dispute the fact that there are many differences in physical, intellectual, and emotional characteristics between men and women, Lorber claims that these differences are socially meaningless until social practices transform them into social facts.? (Lorber, Page 40) These include most activities from professio... ...ation of people by their behavioral patterns and their physical or mental aptitudes and shortcomings rather than gender alone. Though this hardly seems like a feasible solution with the state of contemporary society, it appears to solve some of the most deep-rooted problems of gender inequality. Larry Gross is able to offer some insight into resistance of this culture by suggesting the support and growth of media that both produced by and aimed at specific genders and sexual minorities. Though such changes are already beginning to take place in the media today, it will surely by quite some time before these goals are realized in magnitude sought after by Gross. Though both of these authors present possible advancements for their ideals, they are truly up against powerful opposition and are not likely to see their desired changes any time in the near future.

Norway and Its Climate Changes Essay -- Global Warming Essays

Climate change is a major global issue and is a pressing issue in Norway as well. The country has ratified the Kyoto Protocol and signed on to other treaties regarding the state of the earth. Similar to its history, current climate changes may have adverse effects on the culture and economy of Norway. Two significant climate change issues in Norway are carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions and the warming of the Arctic Ocean; both have important impacts on both Norway and the world. Climate change is not a new phenomenon for Norwegians. Some historians believe that slightly over two thousand years ago the climate in Norway drastically changed from tropical conditions to frigid conditions, slightly more extreme than there is today (Larsen 15). This climate change had many effects on Norwegians, such as settling down and also changing the way they found their food. Since the climate became too cold for the agriculture they were used to, Norwegians shifted their focus to hunting and fishing. This change in climate had a drastic effect on early Norwegian culture. Two thousand years later Norwegians are still facing climate change. However, this type of climate change is much different and more man-made than the previous. In the year 2004 the world is facing a climate change problem and international policies are required to help remedy this problem. Norway has been one of the most complacent countries in the world in regards to its environmental policies and its efforts to reduce CO 2 emissions. In January of 1991, Norway introduced a CO 2 tax to try to reduce CO 2 emissions. There are several taxes in place such as: twenty dollars per barrel of oil, thirteen cents per liter of gasoline, and sixty-four dollars per ton of coal1... ...te ten millennia ago and the warming of the climate today: today scientists have reason to believe that global warming is the result of excessive emissions of damaging gases into the ozone whereas there is not a lot of evidence suggesting the earlier warming was human-induced (O'Riordan 80). â€Å"Think globally, act locally,† is a widely-used phrased when discussing global environmentalism. Norway has been doing its best as a country to take local action in order to try to decrease ozone pollution and increase sustainable practices. Norway has shown its leadership with its initiatives to improve its CO 2 emissions and its work with ACIA to identify current Arctic climate change problems and try to develop solutions. Only time will tell how Norway ’s climate will change and what affect that will have on global climate change and international environmental policies. Norway and Its Climate Changes Essay -- Global Warming Essays Climate change is a major global issue and is a pressing issue in Norway as well. The country has ratified the Kyoto Protocol and signed on to other treaties regarding the state of the earth. Similar to its history, current climate changes may have adverse effects on the culture and economy of Norway. Two significant climate change issues in Norway are carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions and the warming of the Arctic Ocean; both have important impacts on both Norway and the world. Climate change is not a new phenomenon for Norwegians. Some historians believe that slightly over two thousand years ago the climate in Norway drastically changed from tropical conditions to frigid conditions, slightly more extreme than there is today (Larsen 15). This climate change had many effects on Norwegians, such as settling down and also changing the way they found their food. Since the climate became too cold for the agriculture they were used to, Norwegians shifted their focus to hunting and fishing. This change in climate had a drastic effect on early Norwegian culture. Two thousand years later Norwegians are still facing climate change. However, this type of climate change is much different and more man-made than the previous. In the year 2004 the world is facing a climate change problem and international policies are required to help remedy this problem. Norway has been one of the most complacent countries in the world in regards to its environmental policies and its efforts to reduce CO 2 emissions. In January of 1991, Norway introduced a CO 2 tax to try to reduce CO 2 emissions. There are several taxes in place such as: twenty dollars per barrel of oil, thirteen cents per liter of gasoline, and sixty-four dollars per ton of coal1... ...te ten millennia ago and the warming of the climate today: today scientists have reason to believe that global warming is the result of excessive emissions of damaging gases into the ozone whereas there is not a lot of evidence suggesting the earlier warming was human-induced (O'Riordan 80). â€Å"Think globally, act locally,† is a widely-used phrased when discussing global environmentalism. Norway has been doing its best as a country to take local action in order to try to decrease ozone pollution and increase sustainable practices. Norway has shown its leadership with its initiatives to improve its CO 2 emissions and its work with ACIA to identify current Arctic climate change problems and try to develop solutions. Only time will tell how Norway ’s climate will change and what affect that will have on global climate change and international environmental policies.

Gentoo Install Guide :: essays research papers

Gentoo Gentoo-http://www.gentoo.org/ Gentoo is a distribution that has 3 different install methods. You can just install from the CDs known as stage 3. You can install the base system from CD known as stage 2 and then custom compile the rest of the OS from scratch to bring it to stage 3. This makes the system faster and more responsive but takes some time. Last is the stage 1 install where EVERYTHING is built from scratch. This makes for an EXTREMELY customized and streamlined system. However this method can take DAYS depending on the speed of your computer. A broadband connection would be recommened for a stage 2 or 1 install. Gentoo does all this with what is called Portage. you can basically type "emerge nameofprogram" and it will download, configure and compile the software for you. This makes maintaining the system very easy. Gentoo also has a great support base and is available for the MAC platform as well. install guide Note-The following guide is EXACTLY what I did for my install and it was adapted from the official gentoo installation handbook here.-http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/handbook/index.xml 1. Download and burn the x86 minimal ISO and boot from the CD. 2. You will see a boot prompt where you can choose different kernels or view other options. We'll just hit enter since we don't need anything special. 3. You will then see a splash screen with a purple cow and the system will boot in the background. 4. When it's done you will have the standard linux command prompt. You will do everything for the install from here. No GUIs for you . 5. For this guide I will use an internet connection for everything. It is possible to install from CDs as well but including that info here would make it WAY too long. As such we need to maek sure networking is working correctly. To check use the "ifconfig" command. There should be an entry for eth0. If so run this command "dhcpcd eth0" that will request an ip address from the router. If you don't see anything with ifconfig try "ifconfig -a" if there is no ethx entry then the network card did get the correct driver loaded at boot. You will have to look up what kind of network card you have and find the appropriate module (driver) and load it using the modprobe command. I had to do this myself "modprobe pcnet32" to load the correct driver.

Freedom of Contract in English Law

In earlier days, agreement was built on a very classic and simple basis: it is concluded at the moment that the acceptance of an offer takes place and that is all. In consequence, equal parties were non-existent and stronger parties had the possibility to impose unfair and domineering conditions upon those who were weak and vulnerable. It is in this context that both legislations and courts agreed that State action was indispensable to ensure fairness among individual parties, in an era where the exercise of law of freedom were extremely restricted.In today’s English law, freedom of contract is one the foundation of contract law. The existence of freedom of contract requires three main considerations: the freedom to contract or not to contract, the freedom to choose with whom to contract, and the freedom to decide the terms of the contract. Thus parties are totally free to engage or not to engage in agreements. However, freedom of contract can fail to have the desired or expec ted effect in contracts where power relations are not equal. The stronger party can impose its â€Å"will† to the weaker party.In order to deal with any potential conflict that can arise from this matter, English legal systems has set up rules ensuring the effective and fair exercise of freedom of contract. This essay will discuss and examine those rules in question, established by the English law in order to effectively balance freedom of contract and fairness between the contracting parties as well as fair contractual terms. And also on the other hand limits of freedom of contract will be exposed. Freedom of contract, as its appellation suggests, has a strong relationship with contract.In order to identify this relationship, it is important to understand what is meant by â€Å"contract† and the rules governing it. In English law, a contract is a legally binding agreement reached on a set of promises (or obligations) and specific terms. The validity of any contract re quires 4 main features: an offer, acceptance, consideration and intention to create legal relations. Thus, when one party (the offeror) makes an offer which the other (offeree) accepts, then agreement is concluded.However, the mere fact of an agreement is insufficient for a contract to be completely valid. This implies that a party must promise to give or do something for the other. This idea of exchanging promises is known as â€Å"consideration† and is an essential requisite of any valid contract. In Currie v Misa(1875) it (consideration) was held to constitute a benefit to one party or a detriment to the other. For instance, when a bottle of wine is bought from a shop, the benefit received is the bottle of wine, and the detriment is the money paid to the shop.Yet it is important to take into concern the rules governing consideration. First of all, consideration must not be in the past(as mentioned in the a. This rule suggests that if one party willingly performs an act, an d the other party then makes a promise the consideration said to be in the past. Therefore past consideration is regarded as no consideration at all. For instance, a pregnant woman named Julie, knowing that her neighbour, Lucy, is concerned about her health, offers to do the housework for her.This takes Lucy tremendous amount of time to do, and Julie is so content with the result that she promises to pay Lucy ? 30 for her effort. If Julie fails to pay, Lucy will not have the possibility to sue for breach of contract as Julie's promise to pay was after the completion of the work. The fact of this case is supported by the case of Re McArdle(1951,CA) in which it was held that no valid contract existed since the home improvements were past consideration; they had been carried out before any promise to pay had been made.Another rule is that consideration must move from the promisee which is very similar to the concept of law of privity. So for instance if A makes a promises to B, the pro mise will only be enforceable if B can equally show that he has provided consideration for A’s promise. This rule clearly demonstrates the fairness (among parties) of the doctrine of consideration. Finally, consideration must be sufficient but need not to be adequate. This rule stipulates that a good consideration must be of some value but there is not necessity for a bargain to be of adequate value.For example, if someone is willing to sell his Ferrari for ? 1, the contract will not be in vain due to lack of consideration and therefore will be sufficient. In this case, Courts will not measure the adequacy of the consideration (the fact that a Ferrari is offered to be sold at only ? 1) as it is up to one party to decide whether or not he agrees with the other party promises. The contract in English law enhances principle of freedom of contract.Indeed, the terms of the contract is freely determined and agreed by the parties. However, there are various circumstances in which ad ditional terms may be implied into the agreement. The aim of implied terms is often to provide a supplement to a contractual agreement in the interest of making bargain more effective, to achieve fairness between the parties and to alleviate hardship. Term may be implied by custom. Here it is suggested that a contract must always be examined in the light of its surrounding commercial context.So the parties automatically assume that sometimes their contract will be subject to the customs of a particular locality or trade and therefore do not deal specifically with the matter in their contract. One of the cases illustrating this is Hutton v Warren(1836). A term may equally be implied into a contract y Act of Parliament in the form of statutes. Under the Sale of Goods Act 1979, ss 12-15 for instance, a seller automatically assumes certain obligations to the buyer as a result of terms which are automatically implied in every contract regulated by the Act.The seller is required by statut e to promise that he has lawful authority to transfer ownership of the goods(s12)(the seller would for example break this term if it turns out that the goods were stolen);that the goods being sold will match the description he provided the buyer(s13)(for instance a shirt described as 100 per cent cotton should not contain man-made fibres); that the quality of the goods being sold will satisfy the buyer(s14(2)); that the good will be suitable for any purpose specified by the buyer(s 14(3)); and that the goods being sold will match any sample shown to the buyer prior to the contract being made(s 15).Breach of any of these terms will put the buyer in a strong position and be given the option to be discharged from the contract or alternatively carry on with the contract and claim damages for the breach. This will lead us to the concept of remedies mentioned in the following part. In English contract law, a crucial aspect of the contractual relationship is the enforcement of the contract , as the obligation that pact must be kept firmly by parties is considered as the backbone of any contractual relationship.However, a problem can occur if a contract is not adequately performed and one of the parties renounces to perform its obligations. This is where the concept of non-performance and the remedies available to the injured party become applicable. Breach of contract arises from the non-respect of the pact (or terms) agreed between parties. The aggrieved party is then given the common law right to claim for a remedy resulting from any quantifiable loss or harm suffered. Damage (financial compensation) is the most basic remedy available to the innocent party.In today business environment, it is not rare for the parties to agree in advance the damages that will be payable in the occurrence of a breach of contract. These damages are referred to as liquidated damages. An illustration of liquidated damages is the charges imposed for cancelling a flight or the booking of a hotel room. But sometimes, there is a temptation for a party with stronger trading power to try imposing a penalty clause (punitive payment for the non-performance of a term or condition) as demonstrated in Wilson v. Love (1896) case.Other remedies such as quantum damages and injunction may be granted at the discretion of the court as part of its equitable jurisdiction. So, as mentioned above, remedies is all about compensating the aggrieved party for causing him loss or harm. This can be avoided by the consideration of the prevailing rules of freedom of contract. In other words, Freedom of contract allowing individual parties to freely contract or not to, and no one being forced to do it , whoever therefore who gives a contractual promise must then keep it.Or on the contrary case, as described in earlier parts can be constrained by legal authorities to honour its commitment or compensate the other party. However, performance of a contract becomes sometimes impossible due to the ci rcumstances beyond the control of either of the parties and not due to their fault. The legal term referring to this situation is frustration. An example of this unforeseen event is illustrated in the case of Taylor v Caldwell (1863) in which it was held that contract was impossible to perform due to an external and unforeseen event.Consequences are that the contract is killed and parties discharged from further liability. This limits the exercise of freedom of contract in a sense that the agreement formed by the parties is nullified, regardless individual parties will. Another limitation of freedom of contract is that the choice of other contracting party is not always free. For example, an employer is not totally free to hire the person of his choice. The fact that insurance contracts are sometimes made obligatory by parties equally render the exercise of freedom of contract limited, as concerned parties did not freely choose to contract with an insurance company.So far, this pap er has been about the relationship between the exercise of freedom of contract and law of contract. However not only is freedom of contract concerned with contract law but also with another component of the English private law, which is tort law. A tort is a civil wrong. In other words, it refers to the liability of a person who causes harm to another with the obligation to repair the damages suffered by the victim. An example of tort is damage to commercial interests, e. g. inducement of breach of contract.Also known as tortious interference, inducement of breach of contract arise where the wrongdoer convinces a party to breach the contract against the claimant, or where the wrongdoer prevents one party from performing his obligations(agreed with the other party), thus stopping the claimant from receiving the performance promised. Furthermore, after mentioning the existence of a duty of care, which is an element required making negligence claim (concerned with a wrongdoer’s careless conduct which cause damage or loss to the defendant), the claimant (the injured party) can prove that this duty has been broken by the defendant (the other party).Hence the close relationship between duty of care and the requisites of freedom of contract in the sense that if parties freely agree to contract (including the terms of it), then, it is suggested, that they owe a duty of care to each other because the careless conduct (which can affect the contract) of one party can prevent the other one from receiving the performance promised, regardless to the external factor that caused the misconduct of the blamed party. This fact is supported by the case of Garret v.Taylor (1620) in which the court upheld a judgment for the claimant. To conclude, the purpose of this essay has been to describe and make a connection between law of contract as well as law of torts and freedom of contract. Thus, English legal systems have established multiple rules of conduct from different part ies to a contract in order to ensure fairness between them. Henceforth, contracting parties are given freedom to contract with whoever they want, including the terms of the contracts.Also, thanks to rules such as of duty of care, or of doctrine of remedies, an injured party is now given the possibility to claim for compensation of loss or harm caused by the blamed party, who will be then obliged by legal authorities to repair the damages caused to the aggrieved party due to non-respect of the rules established. In the end, it must be acknowledge that English Law has stroke an appropriate balance between freedom of contract and fairness. References:Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Ex 153; (1875-76) LR 1 App Cas 554:Definition of consideration Garret v. Taylor, 79 Eng. Rep. 485 (K. B. 1620): Tortious interference Hutton v Warren (1836) 1 M;W 460:Implied terms Re McArdle(1951,CA ):Past consideration being unacceptable Sale of Goods Act 1979, ss 12-15 : Statutory implied terms Taylor v Caldwe ll (1863) 3 B ; S 826; 122 ER 309; [1863] EWHC QB J1: impossibility of performance of contract Wilson v. Love (1896) : Liquidated damages

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Remember, these are brief outlines of my lectures and you are responsible for taking class notes, as questions will come from my discussion comments that give meaning to those points. During lectures I will discuss some background information you do not need for the exam, which means the other issues I discuss are fair game for the exam. This Is a major Incentive to come to class, pay attention, and take good class notes. If you do not take notes, how can you remember my comments 3-4 weeks later for an exam?See â€Å"General announcement # 2† general announcements (click it) for instructions About 20 or more questions will come from text reading review assignments – for this exam these Logic Kernel chapter Word reviews: 1 (Logic), 2 (constitution), and 11 (voting, elections & campaigns – answer only questions 1-19. ) – these review questions re your only text reading responsibility for exam 1. When I provide chapter reading review questions like this, know these are actual questions from which I will randomly select some for the reading portion of the exam.I will not ask anything else from the chapter other than the reading review questions provided. This eliminates mystery & surprise regarding exam contents. Especially for you freshmen, this is harder than it looks, and will take a number of hours to look up the answers in the text. Study them carefully and you will have no problem with the reading questions oration of the exam. Since I have given you the actual reading questions, I will not give you the answers before the exam, so do the best you can; this is a learning exercise. When you buddy up to study with others, do not trust the answers of others.Validate it with your own eyes or suffer the consequences if your buddy is wrong. If you find a bad question, email me your class time with the chapter & question problem with your page reference, and I'll check it out, but will not give the answer. I will be careful not to choose a ny that are inaccurate or confusing. There is o excuse for you to miss one of these questions if you study. If it was me, I would look up the correct answer and when confident, I would delete all the wrong answers so I am Just reinforcing the question and the correct answer when I study.My last tip is to manage-study both class lectures and reading reviews daily so not overwhelmed by cramming right before an exam – which does not work, as some will discover. (c) Website essay portions. 7-10 questions will come from my website essay reading assignment. To find this information, go to General Announcement # general announcements (click it) and follow those instructions carefully about the hyperlink there titled â€Å"why studying the U. S.Constitution, as well as national and state and local politics, is so important to each citizen. † You are only responsible on exam #1 for the specific items mentioned in its instructions. Another key word bullet outline assignment â₠¬â€œ then study your outline. (d) General Announcement # 5 general announcements (click it) provides specific study ideas for my exams. Yeah Spring 2013 SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITYCourse Syllabus Course:ACCT 508- Federal Tax Accounting I Prerequisite:ACCT 301 with grade of C or better, or ACCT 303 with grade of C- or better. Professor:Tim Hurley, M. B. A. , J. D. , LL. M. Office:SCI 355 Office Hours:M 3:00-4:00, W 5:00-7:00, TH 6:00-7:00; by appointment Office Phone: E-mail:[email  protected] edu Required Text:Hoffman & Smith, Individual Income Taxes, South-Western Federal Taxation 2013 Spring 2013 SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITYCourse SyllabusCourse:ACCT 508- Federal Tax Accounting I Prerequisite:ACCT 301 with grade of C or better, or ACCT 303 with grade of C- or better. Professor:Tim Hurley, M. B. A. , J. D. , LL. M. Office:SCI 355 Office Hours:M 3:00-4:00, W 5:00-7:00, TH 6:00-7:00; by appointment Office Phone: E-mail:[email  protected] edu Required Text:Hoffman & Smith, Individual Income Taxes, South-Western Federal Taxation 2013 Spring 2013 SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITYCourse Syllabus Course Description Federa l Taxes I is a study of the Internal Revenue Code as it affects individuals and sole proprietorships.Basic competence in tax returns, terminology, and tax calculation are emphasized. Extensive coverage is given to tax accounting methods, rates, exemptions, credits, dependents, gross income inclusions and exclusions, capital gains and losses, deductions associated with a trade or business (including depreciation), and personal deductions such as charitable contributions, interest, taxes, and medical expenses. Married filing jointly, married filing separately, head of a household, surviving spouse, and single filing status are defined and explained. Course Goals: To provide the student with an in-depth look at U. S. federal income tax law with primary emphasis on income taxation for individuals * To expose the student to the authoritative sources of U. S. federal income tax law interpretation * To begin the development of necessary research skills * To make the student aware of the im portance of tax planning in business and investment decisions Grading Components Component Possible Points Exam I 100 (approximately 21%) Exam II 100 (approximately 21%) Comprehensive Final Exam 140 (approximately 29%) Tax Return Assignments 65 (approximately14%) Aplia Homework 40 (approximately 9%) Participation 30 (approximately 6%) Total Possible Points = 475 Aplia You must sign up for Aplia. 1. Connect to http://login. cengagebrain. com/ 2. If you already have an account, sign in. From your Dashboard, enter your course key (DB3V-FC2F-GAY3) in the box provided, and click the Register button. If you don't have an account, click the Create a New Account button, and enter your course key when prompted: DB3V-FC2F-GAY3. Continue to follow the on-screen instructions. Aplia is a course page designed by the publisher of the book but controlled by me where I will place the syllabus, homework assignments, practice questions, practice exams, etc. It gives instant feedback on the questions a nd is a great way to study for an exam. * Homework assignments are due on Aplia by Sunday at 11:00 PM. * Homework assignments will begin with Chapter 3 (in week 3). * Aplia homework is worth 40 points. You will receive 40 points only if you complete all assignments when due and answer 50% of the questions correctly on each assignment. * Partial credit is awarded at the professor’s discretion.Email Requirement The University has assigned you an email address. You are on a class email list that I will use to send important information to you. Thus, you must know your university email address and check your email regularly. Academic Integrity Plagiarism is a form of cheating or fraud. It occurs when a student misrepresents the work of another as his or her own. Plagiarism may consist of using the ideas, sentences, paragraphs, or the whole text of another without appropriate acknowledgement, but it also includes allowing another person to write or substantially alter work that a student then submits as his or her own.Any assignment found to be plagiarized will be given a failing grade. All instances of plagiarism in the Department of Accounting will be reported to the Department Chair, and may be reported to the University Judicial Affairs Officer for further action. Special Learning or Physical Accommodations Policy If you have a disability and need assistance in any way, please let me know as soon as possible. This course adheres to San Francisco State University’s policy on the accommodation of disabled students. Classroom Policies To maintain an appropriate learning environment in the classroom, students must conduct themselves in a professional manner so as not to disturb other students or the instructor. Please be respectful to other students and to me by arriving to class on time, not sleeping, and not talking during class unless it is to contribute to a class discussion. If it is absolutely necessary to leave during class, then sit near the d oor. * No laptops. * Please turn off all phones before coming to class. * Texting during class is strictly prohibited. Please take the same seat for each class; it helps me to learn your names. * If class is canceled for any reason, the assignments for that day will be due in the next class. Make-up exams Exams will only be given during scheduled class periods. Make-up exams will not be given. If you have a scheduling conflict, then you need to drop the course. Withdrawal from Class If you should decide to drop or withdraw from this course or withdraw from the University, you must comply with the official procedures (confer with the Office of the Registrar) or receive a grade of â€Å"F† for this course.Students who stop attending class without officially withdrawing from the course receive a grade based upon the total points they have accumulated. Ordinarily, the result will be an â€Å"F† grade. Attendance / Participation / Homework Attendance will be taken at the be ginning of each class meeting. If you do not attend class, it is likely that you will not pass this course. Taxation is not something that you can learn on your own and then take the exam. Like most Accounting courses, this is a problem-based course. At the end of each chapter, you will find problems.In addition, I will post additional problems that we will work in class. It is essential that you work and rework these problems and that you are able to do them on your own before the exam without looking at the answers. It is expected that readings and problems will be completed prior to class. Students should be expected to be called on in class, and students should therefore be prepared to discuss the assigned materials and problems from each class. Participation – Generally, I will ask for volunteers to help in class discussions and to assist me in working out homework problems.You earn the participation points for volunteering. If I do not get a volunteer, I will call on st udents at random. If I call on you and you are unprepared or ill prepared, you will lose participation points. Texting During Class – If you text during class, you will lose all participation points for that class. If this continues, on the third such occurrence, I will drop your grade one letter grade. Just because I do not call you out during class for texting does not mean that I did not see you. A few comments on grades and grading: * Failure to complete all course requirements will result in receiving a course grade of F. Extra credit is not part of the course grading plan. * Where there are close calls on grades, I will look to see if there is an improving trend and consider other positive factors in your overall performance such as class participation and conduct. * Students are encouraged to discuss concerns about their performance or course grades with the instructor at any time. * No grades will be provided or discussed over the telephone. Class Schedule This repres ents planned topics and problems; however, it will be modified as necessary to ensure that course material is covered adequately or to respond to special circumstances.The listing of assignments presented here is incomplete. Additions or deletions will be made as the semester progresses. Note that you must track the progress we have made and make sure you are prepared for class. Chapter Number| Topic| 1| An Introduction to Taxation and Understanding the Federal Tax LawAssignment: skim the chapter | 2| Working with the Tax Law (Read pages 2-1 to 2-19) Assignment: 11, 17| 3| Computing the TaxAssignment: 3,4,18,19,20,28,29,32,33,34,39(a);(b),42,44,47| | MIDTERM I (tentative) – 100 POINTS| | Gross Income: Concepts and InclusionsAssignment: 23 (answer only how much of the $9,000 annuity payment will be included in Betty’s income in 2000), 35, 52, 53, 56(a)| 14| Property Transactions: Determination of Gain or Loss, Basis Considerations, and Nontaxable Exchanges (Read 14-1 to 14-20)Assignment: 30, 36, 44, 51, 53(a)+(b),; Chapter 3 – 51| 5| Gross Income: ExclusionsAssignment: 8, 28, 29, 34, 48, 56(b)| 6| Deductions and Losses: In GeneralAssignment: 27, 34, 41, 48, 61| | MIDTERM II (tentative)– 100 POINTS| | Deductions and Losses: Certain Business Expenses and LossesAssignment: 33, 37, 56| 8| Depreciation, Cost Recovery, Amortization, and DepletionAssignment: 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 40, 49| 9| Deductions: Employee and Self-Employed-Related ExpensesAssignment: 33, 36, 42, 46, 48| 12| Tax Credits and PaymentsAssignment: | COMPREHENSIVE FINAL EXAM – 140 POINTSMay 23 10:45 – 1:15|

Five Elements In The Rhetorical Situation

1. What are the five elements in the rhetorical situation? Use TRACE to help you remember.Text Reader Author Constraints Exigence2. How can a reader use the rhetorical situation to analyze an argument essay? How ca a viewer use the rhetorical situation to analyze an image? How can a writer use the rhetorical situation during the planning phase of writing a paper?They can analyze all objects above by using the TRACE analysis3. Why is the audience important in argument? What types of positions might an audience initially hold?The audience is important because without the audience you have no argument. You will not be able to prove your point with no audience. The audience may initially be a friendly audience, undecided audience, neutral audience, hostile audience, unfamiliar audience, or linked audience.4. What is a discourse community? To what discourse communities do you belong? How does a discourse community help establish common ground for its members?A discourse community is a gro up of people who share a set of discourses, understood as basic values and assumptions, and ways of communicating about those goals. I believe that we all, belong to several discourse communities it would just depend on the situation and what your beliefs are. It establishes common ground by having resources and peers interested in the same beliefs and ideas.5. What is the universal audience? What are the special qualities of this audience? Why is it a useful idea?A universal audience is one with distinct individual differences but also important common qualities. This universal audience is educated, reasonable, normal, adult, and willing to listen.

An Analysis of the Poem “The Tyger” by William Blake Essay

In the first stanza we can observe that the word â€Å"tiger† is written with a â€Å"y† instead of an â€Å"I†, this is to give the word an inclination towards Ancient Greece. This is closely followed by the alliteration â€Å"(†¦) burning bright (†¦)† .This alliteration is used by the author to emphasize the strong, bright, shiny colors of the â€Å"tyger†. The â€Å"symmetry† y highlighted in this stanza, this is closely related to the spelling of the word because in Ancient Greece symmetry is seen as  ´beauty ´. It also speaks about an â€Å"immortal hand or eye†, which makes an allusion to the creator of this tiger, which is said to be a god. The pattern of the poem is also symmetrical. The second stanza has in the first line the phrase â€Å"distant deeps†, this is an alliteration and it is used to remark how distant those depths are. Later on, the author writes â€Å"on what wings dare he aspire†, the meaning of this directly connected with the god who made the tiger. What the author is trying to emphasize is that if the â€Å"tyger† is, at the same time, such a horrific but beautiful creature, what the creator of this beast is like. In the third stanza, the god creator of the tiger is seen as an artist, as the author writes â€Å"And what shoulder, & what art†. This shows the appreciation he has for the creator’s work. This is followed by the phrase â€Å"and when thy heart began to beat†, this highlights a symbol of the god’s power to create life, and it represent a symbol of life. In stanza number four, the god is presented as a â€Å"Hammersmith†; we can see this by the use of the words â€Å"hammer†, â€Å"furnace†, â€Å"anvil†. There is also an alliteration that says â€Å"dare its deadly†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this remarks how mortal are the tiger’s claws. In stanza number five, there is a reference to shooting stars which says â€Å"when the stars threw down their spears†. With this stanza the writer asks many rhetorical questions like, if the god smiled when he saw his creation? if he is the same god that made Christ?. These questions are asked with the meaning of making the reader ask himself about the nature of this god. Is this god pure good?The sixth stanza, repeats the first one. This installs in  the poem the shape of a circle. The author did this because a circle is a typical symbol of eternity. This highlights the everlasting life of the â€Å"tyger† and of its creator. This poem makes us think about how powerful, beautiful, good but at the same time evil, is the god that made this work of art.

Affect of team sport on children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Affect of team sport on children - Essay Example Children who get involve in team sports from a very early age tend to learn more than those who lag behind in physical activities (Taylor, Blair and Cummings). Sports deal with three basic spheres of personality development; physiological, psycho-social, and cognition. The biological growth of a child is optimized through physical activity. It offers development of muscles, increases in height, prevents obesity, and induces the habit of regular exercise. Social facilitation is the phenomenon that explains why people tend to perform well in an activity while doing it with others. The idea of promoting children to play team sports is to use the principle of social facilitation, in order to motivate them to strive hard towards achieving their goals. Another important role of sports in early years of life is related to cognitive development. Sportsmen spirit and fair play are the two qualities that are best learnt by getting involved in sports. Coordination and cooperation are the two main elements of a team sport. One of the purposes of encouraging children to involve in team based sports is to sharpen their social skills. A team is no less than an organization that offers interdependence between team members. A child can learn a lot of things by playing team sports. These games offer children an opportunity to learn how to behave in an organization. Further, a child, who is regularly involved in playing team sports, learns how to deal with competitive environment. Team sports, enhance interpersonal communication skills, moreover, they teach tolerance and acceptance within an individual. The quality of teamwork determines the success of an organization; a successful organization is one in which all the team members work in collaboration to each other (Cabane and Clark). Collaboration refers to the synchronization of individual activities in pursuing a single goal. For instance, in soccer the main aim of a team is to score maximum goals, however, there are only two

Research Paper on Boutique Hotels - Managerial Economics Essay

Research Paper on Boutique Hotels - Managerial Economics - Essay Example The hotel industry has survived fluctuating fortunes in the last decade or so and has crossed into the 21st century an immense and vital industry, a far cry from its origins as an experimental cultural form, into an industry that has transformed the nature of travel into one that is comfortable, predictable, and to many travelers pleasurable (Wikipedia). Hotels are a major of component of the hospitality and lodging industry. It can be described as an establishment that provides paid lodging, usually on a short-term basis. Hotels often provide a number of additional guest services such as a restaurant, a swimming pool or childcare. Some hotels have conference services and meeting rooms and encourage groups to hold conventions and meetings at their location.[ibid] The original hotel equivalent called inns have existed since ancient times (e.g., along the Roman road system during the Roman Empire) to serve merchants and other travelers. Medieval European monasteries operated inns to guarantee haven for travelers in dangerous regions. The spread of travel by stagecoach in the 18th century stimulated the development of inns, as did the Industrial Revolution. The modern hotel was largely the result of the railroads; when traveling for pleasure became widely popular, large hotels were often built near railroad stations. A diversification of hotel types characterized the early hotels. The first hotels were luxury establishments in urban settings. But in order to accommodate changing conditions and needs, variants came into existence: the railroad hotels which were built along railroad track lines to accommodate train passengers and crews for places to eat and rest before the invention of sleeping coaches; resort hotels built far away from crowded urban areas for tourists; commercial hotels which were more simply furnished and less expensive, catering to salesmen and commercial travelers; residential hotels for families yet unable to afford

Asphalt superpave Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Asphalt superpave - Assignment Example 5. Calculate averages and standard deviations using data from all samples of the same mix design. Compare average results from different design mixes. Do the samples fall within PennDOT’s acceptance criteria? The laboratory experiment was successful since the results showed that the samples prepared had compacted air voids of between 3% and 8%. For C, the percent covered by air voids was 3.22% while for D the percent was 2.95%. This range prevents the possibility of the voids becoming interconnected thereby reducing the susceptibility of the pavement undergoing permeation by air and moisture. The percent of water absorbed for both specimen C and D was less than 3 percent consequently there was no need for paraffin-coated. The samples fall within PennDOT’s acceptance criteria because they have percent of air voids around 4% and 96% compaction. However, C proves to be the best sample since its values for percent air voids (3.22) and compaction (96.78%) are closer to PennDOT’s acceptance criteria. This means that design mixes C and D are suitable for asphalt pavement since they give assurance on the required degree of compaction and percent air voids in compacted bituminous